SCMP: The thorn digging into Beijing's shoe -- The main impact of Liu Xiaobo's Nobel Peace Prize may be to make his countrymen wonder who he is and why he received such an honour

South China Morning Post:
The thorn digging into Beijing's shoe
The main impact of Liu Xiaobo's Nobel Peace Prize may be to make his countrymen wonder who he is and why he received such an honour



Verna Yu

Oct 15, 2010


Simon Niu, a construction material procurer in Beijing, had never heard of Liu Xiaobo until he learned from the internet that Liu was this year's Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

"I thought it was very strange that it wasn't reported in the media," said Niu, 36. "I guessed that this person must have subversive opinions in the eyes of the authorities."







When the Nobel committee announced in Norway last Friday that Liu had won the prize, news immediately spread across the world - except on the mainland. Internet searches yielded only an angry response from the Foreign Ministry or articles condemning the award as a plot to destabilise China.



Niu said he was angry that the government was trying to hush up the news. "Why is there so much we are not allowed to know? Who is this man? Why is he behind bars? Why kind of person is he? What has he done?" he asked. "To have to go to such a lot of trouble [to hide the news], it just shows the government lacks confidence," he said.



The awarding of the first Nobel prize to a Chinese national under the communist regime will probably cause millions of Chinese like Niu to start asking who Liu is and why he deserves such an honour.



The award serves as an endorsement of Liu's two-decade advocacy of peaceful political reform in the face of government repression and a powerful morale boost for China's democracy movement, which has been largely stalled since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989.



"Students are going to look up who this guy is," said Nicholas Bequelin, senior researcher at New York-based Human Rights Watch. "The decision to jail Liu and make an example of him has effectively turned him into a figurehead of the democratic movement, and Charter 08 has now become the central document for the movement."



Liu was sentenced last year to 11 years in jail for inciting subversion of state power, as he was a key drafter of Charter 08 - the boldest call for democracy, rights and political reform since Tiananmen.



It was believed to be one of the longest sentences handed down on the mainland in a case involving freedom of expression.



The Nobel committee said the severe punishment meted out to him made him "the foremost symbol of this wide-ranging struggle for human rights in China".



Even so, the central government has remained defiant.



A Foreign Ministry spokesman questioned the "true intention" of the award this week and said the nation would not change its one-party political system. The government also called off a planned meeting with the Norwegian fisheries minister, put Liu's wife, Liu Xia , under house arrest and barred European diplomats from visiting her.



Despite the outward stridency, analysts said the award would force top leaders to reflect upon the government's current strategy: for all the money and resources it has spent on silencing Liu Xiaobo and quashing Charter 08, not only has he not been forgotten, but he has become a respected international symbol of peaceful resistance in the face of oppression.



"The top leadership must be rather annoyed and are asking why nobody foresaw this, but we have long predicted this: if you arrested and jailed him, he would definitely get the prize," said Chen Ziming , a fellow Tiananmen activist who the government accused of being the "black hand" behind the pro- democracy movement, and jailed for 13 years.



Analysts said the government's decision to make an example of Liu has backfired at a critical juncture when China, an emerging economic power feared by some countries as a threat, sorely needs respect and a better image in the international arena.



"The leadership have managed to inflict on themselves the very thing they have tried to avoid for the past 20 years, which is to have a figurehead for the democratic movement in China," Bequelin said.



Jean-Philippe Beja, a senior research fellow at the Centre for International Studies and Research at Paris-based Sciences Po, said the jailing and heavy sentence given to Liu and his winning of the Nobel prize have made Charter 08 - originally signed by 303 activists, lawyers and intellectuals - echo around the world.



"From the Communist Party's point of view, that is very disruptive," Beja said.



Indeed, the government appeared rattled by the news of the award by virtue of the actions taken against Liu's wife. Dozens of rights activists and dissidents have also been detained, harassed or questioned by the police since the announcement of the award. Several rights lawyers were harassed, some prevented from leaving home and one detained at a guest house.



Although activists expect the crackdowns to continue for some time, they believe they are likely to be knee-jerk reactions that will not last.



"In the short term, crackdowns are inevitable. They fear that Liu Xiaobo's award will galvanise the grass-roots [activism], but the civil rights movement is not something that the authorities can control," said Ye Du, a Guangzhou-based liberal writer.



Instead, activists say the award has lifted their morale and will help speed up democratisation in the long run.



"The emergence of a spiritual leader in a democratising society is bound to have a catalysing effect, like Nelson Mandela in South Africa and Vaclav Havel in Czechoslovakia," Ye said.



A rights activist based in Sichuan , Chen Wei , said the award would allow more people to understand the spirit of Charter 08 and prompt more to participate in the fight for democracy.



It is unclear how the leadership will respond to international calls for Liu's release and whether it will change the way it handles dissent.



Some believe Liu's prize could lend support to Premier Wen Jiabao's outspoken remarks on the need for political reform in recent months. But given that the top leaders will change in two years, it is unlikely that anybody would want to upset the status quo, Beja said.



"During a succession, everyone holds their cards close to their chests," he said.



Meanwhile, others say the leadership may one day decide, after a recalculation of its own power interests, that keeping Liu in prison represents too much of a liability.



"The Chinese Communist Party calculates such things strictly in terms of one question: what will maximise the strength of the Party's monopoly grip on power?" said Perry Link, a China expert at the University of California, Riverside.



"In the short term, increased repression will be their answer... In the longer term, maybe after a few years but before Liu's sentence is served in full, they may calculate that the costs to their power of the embarrassment of holding a Nobel laureate in jail are greater than the costs of letting one free-thinking intellectual go free."



After finding out that Liu was punished and honoured for his efforts to call for democracy and political reform, Niu said he was glad someone spoke on the behalf of millions of others who, like himself, do not have the courage to stand up for themselves.



"In China, lots of people curse the system every day, but we have no influence and we don't have any hope," he said. "Now I have more of an idea why he deserved the prize."

Copyright © 2010 South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All right reserved

周日話題﹕俾阿仔學廣東話 My article in Mingpao's Sunday supplement: Let you child learn Cantonese

周日話題﹕俾阿仔學廣東話


(明報)2010年10月10日 星期日 05:10

【明報專訊】最近在國際先驅論壇報，紐約 時報及南華 早報發表過文章談論香港父母用英語跟孩子溝通的現象，非常驚訝不僅在香港及海外的媒體及網站引起了廣泛討論，甚至有遠自盧森堡，法國 ，以色列 的讀者來信作出回應，所產生的迴響是我始料不及的。



似乎語言教育在海內外都是一個令大家容易引起共鳴的課題。



為人父母的，哪有不想望子成龍 的？我明白父母的一片苦心，總希望把最好的給孩子。我大學修語言系，略知皮毛，所以我寫文章的目的，也是希望向父母們解釋一些基本的語言學習概念，也希望他們能參照語言及教育學家的意見，衡量利弊作出有智慧的決定。



其實更令我關注的，是這現象的背後，究竟說明了什麼？暫且不談對錯，在香港，原來有這麼多教育水平不低的父母，認為我們的母語不值得傳給下一代！他們認為雖然用英語比較吃力，但情願自己辛苦一些，也要不惜一切務求子女講得一口地道的英語。



這，是否因為香港被英國 統治了150年，長期在殖民地主義下，讓我們失去了自信及對本土語言及文化的尊重，認為我們自己的東西不值一哂？是否因為廣東話是方言，沒有普通話及英語的國際地位，在凡事追求功利，競爭的社會裏，使得我們願意拋棄用了一輩子來表達思想感情，標誌著我們身分認同的母語？是否因為多數上一代也是漂泊到香港的移民，對本地語言文化的感情紥根不深，所以採取一種實用主義，覺得沒用的就扔掉？或是，更深一層的想，這是否顯示了我們香港人看不起自己的根，以自己的身分為恥？



四歲小孩不屑用廣東話交談



若是如此，不要小看我們這種不經意流露的輕蔑，因為小孩子感性敏銳，我們這種態度，也必然傳給我們的下一代。筆者就曾經見過一個四歲的小孩，他父母雖然用廣東話跟人交談，但自小用英語跟他溝通，按理孩子在廣東話的環境裏，沒有完全聽不懂的可能。但別人一嘗試用廣東話跟他說話，他就一臉不屑，很不高興的跺腳，看見這種情景，我只有替他嘆息﹕香港是中國人的社會，你也長有一副中國人的臉孔，四歲的你已經不耐煩人家跟你說中文，那前面幾十年的路，你不是還有很多的氣讓你生？



我擔心很多父母對語言與文化的密切關係缺乏認識。在大學時，教授經常強調，語言是文化的載體，一個民族的歷史過程會因應社會，文化的變遷而發展出獨有的一套詞彙及文字。一個民族有某些概念，它的語言便產生某些詞彙去表達那概念，相反，沒有某些概念，便沒有那詞彙。一種文化經過時間的過濾，便會形成自己獨特的語言，用以表達該民族的思想。所以，一個人在某個文化成長，他的母語便是塑造他對世界認知的工具。我們的母語，讓我們理解我們文化中的某些概念，也同時局限了我們對自身文化沒有的概念的認識。簡單的例子，比如，中國人有「米」跟「飯」之分，不吃米飯的西方人就只有「RICE」，沒有煮熟非煮熟的米之分，層次高一點的概念，如中國文化裏的忠孝，禮義廉恥，男女長幼的尊卑之分，都還在我們生活中不知不覺地發揮影響。西方相對平等的人倫觀念，中國人也肯定不容易接受。比如我的英籍丈夫的叔伯父，姨母等，比他年長四五十年，卻要求他不要再喊他們uncle，auntie，理由是他不再是小孩，應該平等地直呼名字，令我這個被朋友認為很西化的人，每次聽到他直呼90歲的姨母的名字時，覺得特別刺耳，這就是我自小成長受中國文化潛移默化的烙印。



既然語言是文化傳承的工具，每個人都代表著他一套的背景文化，價值觀，人生觀等，父母們可曾想過，你輕視廣東話，但又勉強用外語跟孩子溝通，卻無法貼切地表達自己，孩子將來長大，你們之間在文化上及溝通上可能出現鴻溝﹕你的一套有可能不被孩子接受，甚至被瞧不起呢？也可曾想過，我們今天唾棄母語，會剝奪下一代認識我們的意識形態、核心價值及身分認同的權利呢？以前每個孩子都琅琅上口的唐詩、童謠（如「月光光照地堂」）和傳統故事（如二十四孝），充滿中國文化涵義，這些一旦翻譯成英語，已經失去了很多文化元素。我們真要把這些傳統當作糟糠嗎？我們是否要他們只能從外語及西方的角度去認識我們的歷史及文化？



「不知扣鈕英文怎麼說」



曾經有一位自認英語不大靈光，但又選擇全用英語跟小孩溝通的朋友對我說，孩子在中國人社會長大，不擔心他會缺乏接觸中國文化的機會。但試想，缺乏流暢地表達自己的語言工具，如何把你重視的觀念栽種在孩子心裏呢？一位英語不錯的媽媽抱怨，孩子頑皮起來，她也未能用恰當流暢的英語責備他。一位英語不甚流利的爸爸坦言，很多時候根本詞不達意，有天他想跟孩子解釋如何扣鈕，發覺自己不會說，要打電話向朋友求救。我慨嘆的是，這位爸爸，跟我們聊天時，談笑風生，地道的廣東話風趣傳神。但一轉身對著自己兩歲的孩子說話，卻變得結結巴巴，用生硬的讀音，有限的詞彙，錯誤百出的文法，費勁地一句一句拼出英語句子。做他的朋友，我只能惋惜他不讓孩子認識他最真實自然的一面。他說，孩子將來大了，自己的英語不夠用，還是要說回廣東話的。可是，我的朋友，你可知道孩子學習第一語言的黃金時期是零至四五歲左右，錯失了這時期，補學中文便變作學外語一樣難，增加學習重擔？為什麼不在孩子的母語學習期自然地讓他們吸收我們的語言資產呢？為什麼逼他們受罪，用我們不甚流利的，錯誤百出的外語作他們的語言典範？



我並非抗拒學外語的風氣，但是家長千萬不要以為多學英文便等於沒有學中文的空間，幼兒的腦袋是靈活的，可以承載多種語言，別誤會以為要英文好就要放棄中文。



可能很多家長沒有想得那麼多，只是單純的想子女學好英語，為日後上名校，找工作鋪路。但他們有否想過，即使不談文化及溝通的問題，單從功利的角度看，在今天競爭劇烈的社會，雙語能力才是將來的方向？單靠英語，中文不精，怎可跟雙語寫讀能力高的同齡人競爭？筆者14歲到英國留學 ，大學畢業後在英國或香港的跨國公司均找到工作，不單是因為我能操地道的英語，也是因為我能毫不費勁的寫、讀中文。現在外國公司需要的是了解中國文化及市場的人才，而並非土生土長而中文不精的人。



其實香港不缺學習英語的機會，很多幼稚園都有外籍英語教師，坊間也不乏英語教材，如電台、電視節目有英語廣播，圖書館有英語讀物，隨處都有中英對照的廣告，商店有中英貨品標籤等，父母可加以利用，激發孩子對外語的興趣。要是資源許可，更可以帶孩子外遊，讓他們實地練習英語，我相信這些措施都足以讓孩子輕鬆地掌握英語，非要不惜一切把有瑕疵英語強加於他們身上作母語。



錯過黃金時期 學母語如學外語



最近一位語言治療專家跟我提到，一位受過高深教育的媽媽為了用英語跟孩子溝通的決定懊悔不已，向他求助。自孩子出生開始，她夫婦倆一直用英語跟他說話，到了他小三時才猛然發現中文的重要性，但孩子已經錯過了學習母語的黃金時期，到八九歲再像學外語般惡補中文反覺非常吃力，而最要害的是他的社交能力受到很大的阻礙，在學校被同學排擠，而且英文也只是平平，作父母的，便覺得是自己害了孩子，毁了他的前程。



天下父母都是為了孩子好，我嚕嗦了這麼多，只是希望家長們不要好心做壞事 ，能冷靜地坐下來分析利弊，作出一個理性的選擇。



其實父母是孩子第一個老師，為什麼不把我們最自信，最揮灑自如，用了一輩子表達自己的語言及塑造我們的文化，原汁原味的傳承給下一代？



文﹕余詠恩